[32] Stephen was amongst those who took this oath in 1127. [2], During the First Crusade, Stephen-Henry had acquired a reputation for cowardice, and he returned to the Levant again in 1101 to rebuild his reputation; there he was killed at the battle of Ramlah. [100] Stephen's wife Matilda was sent to negotiate another agreement between Stephen and David, called the treaty of Durham; Northumbria and Cumbria would effectively be granted to David and his son Henry, in exchange for their fealty and future peace along the border. [29] At the same time, tensions continued to grow as a result of Henry's domestic policies, in particular the high level of revenue he was raising to pay for his various wars. [111] The remaining castles were then surrendered to the King. Edmund King believes the attack never got close to York; R. Davis believes that it did and was deterred by the presence of Stephen's forces. He's very intelligent and focused, but can also be considered oblivious to something begging to be noticed. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). Adela was one of the major reasons for Stephen-Henry deciding to return to the Levant in 1101; Edmund King notes that she gave her husband "very active encouragement" to return; Stephen's brother William was described by chroniclers as being "deficient in intelligence second rate"; he also took a strange oath in, Contemporary chroniclers varied in their explanation for Stephen's absence from the, There has been extensive speculation as to the cause of the sinking of the. [45] Stephen's elder brother Theobald was further south still, in Blois. Historian R. H. C. Davis's influential biography paints a picture of a weak king: a capable military leader in the field, full of activity and pleasant, but "beneath the surface mistrustful and sly", with poor strategic judgement that ultimately undermined his reign. [17] The gift of the Honour of Lancaster also followed after it was confiscated by Henry from Roger the Poitevin. [185] In 1147 Robert of Gloucester died peacefully, and the next year the Empress Matilda left south-west England for Normandy, both of which contributed to reducing the tempo of the war. [238], Historians in the "Whiggish" tradition that emerged during the Victorian era traced a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period. He also worked with space-time singularities. Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. It is possible, however, that Stephen had already begun to consider passing over Eustace's claim; historian Edmund King observes that Eustace's claim to the throne was not mentioned in the discussions at Wallingford, for example, and this may have added to his anger. [202] Stephen also cut his links to the Cistercian order, and turned instead to the Cluniacs, of which Henry was a member. War and society in medieval and early modern Britain. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. [248] Peters paints Stephen as a tolerant man and a reasonable ruler, despite his execution of the Shrewsbury defenders after the taking of the city in 1138. [98] In response to the revolts and invasions, he rapidly undertook several military campaigns, focusing primarily on England rather than Normandy. Barlow, pp. 164165; Crouch (1998), p. 258. [119] He also faced a military dilemma at Arundelthe castle was considered almost impregnable, and he may have been worried that he was tying down his army in the south whilst Robert roamed freely in the west. 189190; Barlow, pp. Stephen Colbert brings his signature satire and comedy to The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the #1 show in late night, where he talks with an eclectic mix of guests about what is new and relevant in the worlds of politics, entertainment, business, music, technology and more. With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. [1] She had a strong matriarchal influence on Stephen during his early years. He stabilised the northern border with Scotland, contained Geoffrey's attacks on Normandy, was at peace with Louis VI, enjoyed good relations with the church and had the broad support of his barons. The spelling as 50m. [125] He then left behind some forces to blockade the castle and continued west into Wiltshire to attack Trowbridge Castle, taking the castles of South Cerney and Malmesbury en route. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. Some historians, including David Crouch and Helmerichs, argue that Theobald and Stephen had probably already made a private deal to seize the throne when Henry died. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. [114][nb 15], The Angevin invasion finally arrived in 1139. Ranulf of Chester revolted once again in the summer of 1144, splitting up Stephen's Honour of Lancaster between himself and Prince Henry. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. [164] Stephen valued William's loyalty sufficiently to agree to exchange Sherborne Castle for his safe releasethis was one of the few instances where Stephen was prepared to give up a castle to ransom one of his men. [101] Stephen responded to rumours of this plan by escorting Henry himself north, but this gesture proved the final straw for Ranulf. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). He left his father and returned home to Cambridge to gather more funds for a fresh campaign, where he fell ill and died the next month. [166], In late 1143, Stephen faced a new threat in the east, when Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex, rose up in rebellion against him in East Anglia. [194] He wanted to confirm his eldest son, Eustace, as his successor, although chroniclers recorded that Eustace was infamous for levying heavy taxes and extorting money from those on his lands. Keith Stringer argues that Stephen "was surely right" to seize the castles, and that the act was a "calculated display of royal masterfulness"; Jim Bradbury and Frank Barlow praise the military soundness of the tactic. Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. [4] The brothers formed a close-knit family group, and Adela encouraged Stephen to take up the role of a feudal knight, whilst steering Henry towards a career in the church, possibly so that their personal career interests would not overlap. [159] Louis VII recognised him as Duke of Normandy shortly after. It is of Greek origin, and the meaning of Stephen is "garland, crown". [180] The royal forest law had collapsed in large parts of the country. [221] Despite the issuing of new currency and administrative reforms, Stephen might potentially have lived for many more years, whilst Henry's position on the continent was far from secure. [63][nb 9], Stephen had to intervene in the north of England immediately after his coronation. He's a devoted Christian and is very passionate about his beliefs while keeping an open mind. [156], At the beginning of 1142 Stephen fell ill, and by Easter rumours had begun to circulate that he had died. There had been no peaceful, uncontested successions. [176] In the north, Stephen came to a fresh agreement with Ranulf of Chester, but then in 1146 repeated the ruse he had played on Geoffrey de Mandeville in 1143, first inviting Ranulf to court, before arresting him and threatening to execute him unless he handed over a number of castles, including Lincoln and Coventry. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. [208] Stephen's castle at Malmesbury was besieged by Henry's forces, and the King responded by marching west with an army to relieve it. The garrison surrendered shortly afterwards, but Stephen had lost an opportunity to capture his principal opponent. Stephen died the following year. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. [213], In the aftermath of Wallingford, Stephen and Henry spoke together privately about a potential end to the war; Stephen's son Eustace, however, was furious about the peaceful outcome at Wallingford. From *steg- (to enlace) + - (-nos, suffix forming an adjective or noun) from Proto-Indo-European *-ns (suffix forming a verbal adjective from a verb stem) . White (1990), p. 12, cited Bradbury, p. 211. [246] Historian Keith Stringer provides a more positive portrayal of Stephen, arguing that his ultimate failure as king was the result of external pressures on the Norman state, rather than the result of personal failings. 4647; Crouch (2002), p. 252. [12] Henry then found himself in conflict with Louis VI of France, who took the opportunity to declare Robert's son, William Clito, the Duke of Normandy. (2000) "The Impact of 'Foreign' Troops in the Civil Wars of Stephen's Reign," in Dunn, Diana E. S. (ed) (2000), Coulson, Charles. Weiler, Bjorn. WebWhat does Stephen mean? [150] Waleran's twin brother, Robert of Leicester, effectively withdrew from fighting in the conflict at the same time. Later in the year Stephen and Henry agreed to the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognised Henry as his heir in exchange for peace, passing over William, Stephen's second son. [120] Another theory is that Stephen released Matilda out of a sense of chivalry; he was certainly known for having a generous, courteous personality and women were not normally expected to be targeted in Anglo-Norman warfare. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. Carpenter, pp. (eds) (2000), Round, John H. (1888) "Danegeld and the Finance of Domesday," in Dove, P. E. (ed) (1888), White, Graeme. [78] Henry wanted to succeed to the post, but Stephen instead supported Theobald of Bec, who was eventually appointed. [163] 1143 started precariously for Stephen when he was besieged by Robert of Gloucester at Wilton Castle, an assembly point for royal forces in Herefordshire. [154], The King's eventual release resulted from the Angevin defeat at the rout of Winchester. Schmieder & O'Doherty (2015), pp. [78] In 1136, Archbishop of Canterbury William de Corbeil died. [42] The King then appointed him Bishop of Winchester, one of the richest bishoprics, allowing him to retain Glastonbury as well. [216] Meanwhile, Stephen's brother Henry of Blois and Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury were for once unified in an effort to broker a permanent peace between the two sides, putting pressure on Stephen to accept a deal. (1974) "King Stephen and the Anglo-Norman Aristocracy". [126] Meanwhile, Miles of Gloucester marched east, attacking Stephen's rearguard forces at Wallingford and threatening an advance on London. Roger and his family were also enemies of Waleran, who disliked their control of the royal administration. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. [180] Numerous "adulterine", or unauthorised, castles had been built as bases for local lordsthe chronicler Robert of Torigny complained that as many as 1,115 such castles had been built during the conflict, although this was probably an exaggeration as elsewhere he suggested an alternative figure of 126. [106] From 1138 onwards, Stephen gave them the earldoms of Worcester, Leicester, Hereford, Warwick and Pembroke, which especially when combined with the possessions of Stephen's new ally, Prince Henry, in Cumberland and Northumbria created a wide block of territory to act as a buffer zone between the troubled south-west, Chester, and the rest of the kingdom. Stephen began to examine a negotiated peace, a process hastened by the sudden death of Eustace. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. [226], After Stephen's death, Henry II succeeded to the throne of England. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features [116][nb 16] The Empress stayed at Arundel Castle, whilst Robert marched north-west to Wallingford and Bristol, hoping to raise support for the rebellion and to link up with Miles of Gloucester, a capable military leader who took the opportunity to renounce his fealty to the King. [52] Henry was also able to persuade Hugh Bigod, the late King's royal steward, to swear that the King had changed his mind about the succession on his deathbed, nominating Stephen instead. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [143] Henry handed over the royal treasury, rather depleted except for Stephen's crown, to the Empress, and excommunicated many of Stephen's supporters who refused to switch sides. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. [193], In the final years of the war, Stephen began to focus on the issue of his family and the succession. [127] Stephen was forced to give up his western campaign, returning east to stabilise the situation and protect his capital. [227] The destruction of castles under Henry was not as dramatic as once thought, and although he restored royal revenues, the economy of England remained broadly unchanged under both rulers. [78] Henry of Blois's claims, in his role as Abbot of Glastonbury, to extensive lands in Devon resulted in considerable local unrest. [28] Geoffrey was unpopular with the Anglo-Norman elite: as an Angevin ruler, he was a traditional enemy of the Normans. [156] Henry held another church council, which this time reaffirmed Stephen's legitimacy to rule, and a fresh coronation of Stephen and Matilda occurred at Christmas 1141. He married Matilda of Boulogne, inheriting additional estates in Kent and Boulogne that made the couple one of the wealthiest in England. David Crouch argues that in fact it was the royalist weakness in infantry that caused their failure at Lincoln, proposing the city militia was not as capable as Robert's Welsh infantry. 50m. [52][nb 6] Stephen's coronation was held a week later at Westminster Abbey on 22 December. [17] In 1113, Stephen was granted both the title and the honour, although without the lands previously held by William in England. (1984) "The Anarchy of King Stephen's Reign". Making a Living in the Middle Ages: The People of Britain, 850 1520. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. [160] In September, he spotted an opportunity to seize the Empress Matilda herself in Oxford. [168] He threatened to execute Geoffrey unless the Earl handed over his various castles, including the Tower of London, Saffron Walden and Pleshey, all important fortifications because they were in, or close to, London. Opinions vary considerably among historians as to the date of Stephen's birth. [101] Nonetheless, Stephen could now focus his attention on the anticipated invasion of England by Robert and Matilda's forces. His friend and advisor Waleran was one of those who decided to defect in mid-1141, crossing into Normandy to secure his ancestral possessions by allying himself with the Angevins, and bringing Worcestershire into the Empress's camp. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. [128], At the start of 1140, Nigel, Bishop of Ely, whose castles Stephen had confiscated the previous year, rebelled against Stephen as well. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. WebStephen Hawking. [69] He portrayed himself as the natural successor to Henry's policies, and reconfirmed the existing seven earldoms in the kingdom on their existing holders. [94] Despite this victory, however, David still occupied most of the north. [206] Stephen then made a fresh attempt to have Eustace crowned at Easter 1152, gathering his nobles to swear fealty to Eustace, and then insisting that Theobald and his bishops anoint him king. The King gave Eustace the County of Boulogne in 1147, but it remained unclear whether Eustace would inherit England. 94, 115; Barlow, p. 162. Modern historians, such as Edmund King, doubt that Hugh Bigod was being truthful in his account. [101] Ranulf had previously claimed that he had the rights to Lincoln Castle, held by Stephen, and under the guise of a social visit, Ranulf seized the fortification in a surprise attack. Davies, R. H. C. (1964) "What happened in Stephen's reign 113554?". Their discussions were interrupted by the sudden news from England that Stephen's coronation was to occur the next day. 136137; Crouch (2002), p. 245. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. Stephen, also called Stephen Of Blois, (born c. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng. [169] With all of his other problems and with Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, in open revolt in Norfolk, Stephen lacked the resources to track Geoffrey down in the Fens and made do with building a screen of castles between Ely and London, including Burwell Castle. Stephen created many more, filling them with men he considered to be loyal, capable military commanders, and in the more vulnerable parts of the country assigning them new lands and additional executive powers. [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Awards and nominations 4 Filmography [237] A number of charters were issued during Stephen's reign, often giving details of current events or daily routine, and these have become widely used as sources by modern historians. The degree to which Stephen's supporters at the, As described below, the name "the Anarchy" for this conflict originates with the Victorian scholar. Three hundred passengers embarked on the White Ship to travel from Barfleur in Normandy to England, including the heir to the throne, William Adelin, and many other senior nobles. [95] Occasionally pitched battles were fought between armies but these were considered highly risky endeavours and were usually avoided by prudent commanders. 1718. [34] Henry angrily declined to do so, probably out of a concern that Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy somewhat earlier than intended. [21], In 1120, the English political landscape changed dramatically. He was freed only after his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Robert at the Rout of Winchester, but the war dragged on for many years with neither side able to win an advantage. [172] By this point in the war, Stephen was depending increasingly on his immediate royal household, such as William of Ypres and others, and lacked the support of the major barons who might have been able to provide him with significant additional forces; after the events of 1141, Stephen made little use of his network of earls. [141] The Empress now began to take the necessary steps to have herself crowned queen in his place, which would require the agreement of the church and her coronation at Westminster. [233] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was past its prime by the time of Stephen but is remembered for its striking account of conditions during "the Anarchy". [8], Stephen had at least four brothers and one sister, along with two probable half-sisters. [152] Henry's alliance with the Empress proved short-lived, as they soon fell out over political patronage and ecclesiastical policy; the bishop met the Queen at Guildford and transferred his support to her. [75] Owain Gwynedd and Gruffydd ap Rhys successfully captured considerable territories, including Carmarthen Castle. The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter [4][nb 2], France in the 12th century was a loose collection of counties and smaller polities, under the minimal control of the King of France. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the Following their 127-118 victory on the road against the Washington Wizards on Monday afternoon, Golden State Warriors head coach Steve Kerr compared Stephen Curry to Michael Jordan. The Beaumont twins and their younger brother and cousins received the majority of these new earldoms. [123] Although there had been few new defections to the Empress, his enemies now controlled a compact block of territory stretching out from Gloucester and Bristol south-west into Devon and Cornwall, west into the Welsh Marches and east as far as Oxford and Wallingford, threatening London. William was probably intellectually disabled, and Adela instead had the counties pass to her second son, later also Count Theobald II of Champagne. [90] An illegitimate son of Henry I and the half-brother of the Empress Matilda, Robert was one of the most powerful Anglo-Norman barons, controlling estates in Normandy. Power and Border Lordship in Medieval France: The County of the Perche, 10001226. [91] The rebels appear to have expected Robert to intervene with support that year, but he remained in Normandy throughout, trying to persuade the Empress Matilda to invade England herself. WebHow to use Stephen in a sentence. [129] Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. [103] Only a handful of earldoms had existed under Henry I and these had been largely symbolic in nature. He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. [18] Stephen was also given lands in Alenon in southern Normandy by Henry, but the local Normans rebelled, seeking assistance from Fulk IV, Count of Anjou. [158] Possibly this illness was the result of his imprisonment the previous year, but he finally recovered and travelled north to raise new forces and to successfully convince Ranulf of Chester to change sides once again. Barlow, p. 111; Koziol, p. 17; Thompson, p. 3. Crouch (2008a), p. 29; King (2010), pp. [113] As the papal legate, he summoned the King to appear before an ecclesiastical council to answer for the arrests and seizure of property. (1994) "The Castles of the Anarchy," in King, Edmund. 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