His story is clearly influenced by the mythology of Njord. "[7] In stanza 43, the creation of the god Freyr's ship Skblanir is recounted, and Freyr is cited as the son of Njrr. Norse God of the Sea. captionposition=center]. a lover or someone else; Thor. Dumzil, Georges. He didn't start off that way. [11][12][13], Jtunheimar are referenced throughout Gylfaginning such as when Gefjun takes four oxen, who were her sons with a jtunn, out of the jtunheimar to the north and uses them to plough land out of Sweden, forming Zealand. Freyr and Freya were his most famous and well-loved children. There are twelve main gods in Norse mythology: Odin, Thor, Balder, Vidar, Vale, Brage, Heimdall, Ty, Njord, Froy, Ull and Forsete, - where Njord and Froy are not Aesirs, but Vanirs living in Asgard. She was as unhappy with the cries of the seagulls as her husband had been with the howling of the wolves. While her origins were likely different, she too was seen as a deity of femininity, sexuality, and romantic love. While she was singing, Thor told her that he had carried her husband Aurvandil as he travelled southwards out of Jtunheimar and that he would soon be with her. Instead, she chose Njord. In exchange for his freedom, he promised to bring the giant the goddess of youth, Iunn. Balder appears in the Norse myths as the victim of the machinations of the God Loki. Their marriage was short and unpleasant. [aesop_image imgwidth=100% img=http://www.bivrost.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Ullsfjord.jpg align=center lightbox=off caption=The Ullsfjord during a cold winter night. for the screeching of the bird. Njrr is sometimes modernly anglicized as Njord, Njoerd, or Njorth. READ MORE: Epic Fjords of Norway Road Trip. In addition to controlling the waves and wind, he was believed to be the god of wealth and prosperity. The incredible forces of nature that shaped Norway's fjords are impressive, and it's no secret that seeing the Norwegian fjords is at the top of many travelers' wish list. All rights reserved. Odin welcomed Njord and Freyr among the Aesir gods and made them priests of the gods sacrificial offerings. My work has also been published on Buzzfeed and most recently in Time magazine. Svafrorinn: Another Norse deity, he appears in only one surviving line of poetry. She chose Njord by mistake, thinking him to be Baldur. They then travel through a great forest before eventually reaching the hall of tgara-Loki. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. The stunning Sognefjord, Norway's longest fjord, stretches all the way from the home of the Jotuns in the east to the coast along Western Norway. There is a lot we modern people simply dont know about the world the Norsemen lived in. After the raiding parties had scouted territories and subdued their people, seafaring also allowed the Norse to expand their wealth in less violent ways. The Poetic Edda. Becoming drunk, he boasts that he will perform a number of acts including carrying Valhall to Jtunheimar and abduct both Sif and Freyja. Incidentally enough, the (re-)discovery of Ullsfjord and Balsfjord could not really be explained. Of these, gods and giants have played the largest part in key Viking myths and legends. [6] According to the standard model, glaciers formed in pre-glacial valleys with a gently sloping valley floor. Lots has been happening at The Crow's Fjord. They were followers of Norse mythology, which involved hundreds of ancient gods, goddesses, giants, and various other creatures. It is theorized that the Yule wreath was the ancestor of the Christmas wreath on our doors today. Considering the fact that he was born solely to kill his brother Hodr, the god Vali needed quite a bit of strength. She loved the mountains while he was a god of the sea. Translated by Angela Hall. [14], Sleep I could not Interesting facts about the Norse god Njord. It has been suggested that the change of sex from the female Nerthus to the male Njrr is due to the fact that feminine nouns with u-stems disappeared early in Germanic language while the masculine nouns with u-stems prevailed. Njrr is also mentioned in the Prose Edda books Gylfaginning and Skldskaparml. [16] In chapter 37, after Freyr has spotted the beautiful jtunn Gerr, he becomes overcome with sorrow, and refuses to sleep, drink, or talk. A true fjord is formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by ice segregation and abrasion of the surrounding bedrock. After Loki has an exchange with the goddess Freyja, in stanza 33 Njrr states: That's harmless, if, besides a husband, a woman has [5] Njrr's name appears in a word for sponge; Njararvttr (Old Norse: Njararvttr, "Njrr's glove"). The other half-brother of Thor proved to be quite the warrior himself. Only Nerthus, a goddess whose only concrete link is linguistic, existed outside of Scandinavia. Njrr's body is burnt by the Swedes, and they weep heavily at his tomb. Njord, or Njrr, is the father of two of the more famous and beloved Nordic deities - Freyja and Freyr. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In any cases, there is no denying, Gods or no Gods, that these beautiful fjords, located in one of the most pristine and majestic regions in Norway definitely can feelout of this world. Fish was a staple of the Norse diet. His aid was invoked in seafaring and in hunting, and he was considered the god of wealth-bestowal, or prosperity. [38] Some of these similarities include that, in parallel to Skai and Njrr in Skldskaparml, Hadingus is chosen by his wife Ragnhild after selecting him from other men at a banquet by his lower legs, and, in parallel to Skai and Njrr in Gylfaginning, Hadingus complains in verse of his displeasure at his life away from the sea and how he is disturbed by the howls of wolves, while his wife Regnhild complains of life at the shore and states her annoyance at the screeching sea birds. He was the father of ten children and his second wife was the giantess Skadi. [2] Turville-Petre, E.O.G. Posted October 5, 2018. When you think about Norse gods, names of Aesir gods like Thor, Odin and Loki are the ones that come to mind. Historians believe this detail of the story was influenced by the transference of Njord to the Aesir. Thor was tasked with guarding Asgard, the stronghold of the gods and goddesses. He was one of the few gods who was destined to survive Ragnark and would become king of a new race of deities who would rebuild the world. Beings may also come out from Jtunheimar to interact with others, such as the wright who, with the help of his horse Svailfari, builds fortifications for the gods to protect them from jtnar. While the Gesta Danorum contains valuable historic information, it also incorporates elements of legend. High up North along the coast of Arctic Norway lie two long fjords whose names call back memories of ancestral Gods and a civilization that has now become legend. These fjords are the fjords of the ancient Norse Gods. Varr is described as the son of Odin and the jtunn Grr and is foretold to avenge his father's death by killing the wolf Fenrir at Ragnark, a conflict he is described as surviving. [26], sfn error: no target: CITEREFVlusp_(ON) (, "Contradictory cosmology in Old Norse myth and religion but still a system? The Aesir gods largely follow established Indo-European archetypes. The Old Norse Language and How to Learn It, The Swastika Its Ancient Origins and Modern (Mis)use. She returned to the mountains and they rarely saw one another after the first eighteen days of their marriage. The two have overlapping realms, but as a god, Njrr is chiefly involved in the sea as cultivated by humans, especially seafaring merchants and merchant ports. Collingwood (1908) Njord (pronounced "NYORD;" Old Norse Njrr, whose meaning/etymology is unknown) is one of the principal gods of the Vanir tribe of deities. In this legend, Vishnu (in the form of Vamana) tricks the malevolent king Bali, who has secured dominion over the whole Earth, by making Bali promise to grant Vamana all the land he can cover in three paces. Njords promise of luck did not extend to his own marriage, however. However, when Njrr returned from the mountains to Natn, he says: Hateful for me are the mountains, Loki gripped Iunn in his talons and flew back to Asgard. [11] In the tale of the god Thor's visit to the hall of the jtunn Geirrd, Grr is stated as the mother of "Varr the Silent" who assists Thor in his journey. Skai then spent nine days with Njord in his seaside hall Natn. He lost the other one while trying to fight a giant wolf named Fenrir, who also happened to be the son of Loki. However, in her realm of the underworld, this half-decaying goddess was said to be even more powerful than Odin and many other Norse gods. Njrr has been the subject of an amount of scholarly discourse and theory, often connecting him with the figure of the much earlier attested Germanic goddess Nerthus, the hero Hadingus, and theorizing on his formerly more prominent place in Norse paganism due to the appearance of his name in numerous place names. Like many sea gods, he was associated with sailing and fishing. The two groups of gods engaged in conflict in the sir-Vanir war, which resulted in a . By using this website, you agree to our use of Cookies and our Privacy Policy. The gods, watching from their walls, saw Thiazi approaching quickly enough to overtake Loki. To save Iunn they sent up a wall of fire in front of him, killing the jtun instantly. [8], According to Skldskaparml, Varr was one of the twelve presiding male gods seated in their thrones at a banquet for the visiting gir. Freyr - God of the World What Is Heathenry? [24], It has been proposed that rather than being conceived of as a physical land that can be located geographically relative to the regions of the world inhabited by humans, jtunheimar should be seen as connected to other realms by a number of passageways that cannot be traversed by ordinary means, and may seem contradictory from a naturalistic viewpoint in that a single location could be reached from a start point in a number of distinct directions. I went to The Parliament of World Religions in early November, which was a fantastic, if not hectic experience. Fjorgyn is sometimes said to be the mother of Thor. Fourteen gods make the trip to attend the feast, including Varr. Dumzil theorizes that these myths of Fenrir vs. Varr and Bali vs. Vishnu may have a common origin in an Indo-European god of spatiality, similar but distinct from the hypothetical framing or entry / exit god that spawned Janus and Heimdallr. In the Proto-Indo-European religion, *Perkwunos was likely a prominent god of the sky, storm, and rain. So she wound her line around her rod with the words: "Thanks be to him, to Njor, for this time. He was said to not only control the sea and wind, but also to provide wealth and have a role in the fertility of crops. [5] This phrase can be literally translated as Fjorgynns maiden, which could mean either Fjorgynns daughter or Fjorgynns mistress. The medieval Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson claimed that Frigg was Fjorgynns daughter,[6] but Snorri cant be taken at face value. For much of his life, the god wandered around besting almost everyone and everything until he was unfortunately killed by his twin brother, Hodr, using the aforementioned mistletoe. Luckily, Tyr was widely known as an extremely powerful being. In her excitement, she forgot the galdr and the shard remained lodged in Thor's head. After all, they needed some way to explain the natural wonderment of the fjords in Norway, so they turned to a collection of gods and goddesses as the answer. In Gods and Creatures by SkjaldenAugust 5, 2020. He proved his power during Ragnarok when he killed Lokis giant wolf-son, Fenrir. In chapter 4 of Ynglinga saga, Njrr is introduced in connection with the sir-Vanir War. Angered, Hrungnir chases Odin back to Asgard on his horse Gullfaxi whereupon the gods invite him to drink with them. As the god of the sea and wealth, Njord was a major deity for the Viking Age Norse people. Upon reaching Iunn, Loki turned her into a nut and flew away with her in his talons. Folklorists believe that this god was influenced by Njord rather than developing independently, however, because the Saami are not traditionally seafaring people. Njord was the god of the sea in Norse mythology. Indeed, up until about 1200, All the area East of Troms, including those fjords, was most likely Smi territory. After a successful night of fishing, one old woman supposedly said Thanks be to him, to Njor, for this time, as she brought in a full pot of fish. In chapter 29, Varr is introduced by the enthroned figure of High as "the silent god" with a thick shoe, that he is nearly as strong as the god Thor, and that the gods rely on him in times of immense difficulties. While Njord was sometimes said to have other children, most of these were not even named in written sources. There is, however, very little that survives of other groups of the Norse pantheon, like the Vanir gods for example. Mistletoe also had mythical importance. In the poem, the jtunn rymr mistakenly thinks that he will be receiving the goddess Freyja as his bride, and while telling his fellow jtunn to spread straw on the benches in preparation for the arrival of Freyja, he refers to her as the daughter of Njrr of Natn. While the identities of many of his daughters are unknown, Freyr and Freyja lived near their father in Asgard. To be the ruler of the underworld, you have to be a pretty powerful and terrifying individual. However, other scholars hold the change to be based not on grammatical gender but on the evolution of religious beliefs; that *Neruz and Njrr appear as different genders because they are to be considered separate beings. The Crow's Fjord - Norse Mythology Designs Here you will find designs relevant to Heathenry, which are based on the history and culture of the Celtic, the Anglo-Saxon, and the Norse. Dumzil thus conceives of Varr as a spatial god. Njrr has been the subject of an amount of artistic depictions. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The tale in which Njord features most prominently is The Marriage of Njord and Skadi. For Leaves' Eyes album, see. [17] Parallels have been drawn between chapter 31 of Tacitus' 1st century CE work Germania where Tacitus describes that members of the Chatti, a Germanic tribe, may not shave or groom before having first slain an enemy. The fish bit well, and it wasn't long before Gunnhild had a week's supply of fish for her pot. [9] At a point in dialogue between the skaldic god Bragi and gir, Snorri himself begins speaking of the myths in euhemeristic terms and states that the historical equivalent of Varr was the Trojan hero Aeneas who survived the Trojan War and went on to achieve "great deeds". [24], Njrr appears in or is mentioned in three Kings' sagas collected in Heimskringla; Ynglinga saga, the Saga of Hkon the Good and the Saga of Harald Graycloak. he comes each morning. Varr is referenced in the book Gylfaginning in chapters 29, 51, and 53. Fjorgynn ( Old Norse Fjrgynn) is male and Fjorgyn (Old Norse Fjrgyn) is female. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The 13th century Danish writer Saxo Grammaticus compiled the history of his country in a book entitled Gesta Danorum. The passage in the Lokasenna has Loki taunting Frigg over her infidelity and promiscuity, and in that context, mr can hardly mean anything but mistress.. In North-Norway, just between the town of Troms in the West and the mountain range of Lyngen in the East are two beautiful fjords: Balsfjord in the West and Ullsfjord in the East. "Apocalyptic Monsters: Animal Inspirations for the Iconography of Medieval Northern Devourers" as collected in: Bildhauer, Bettina. Loki thought the matter would end there, but Asgard was soon visited by Thiazis daughter, Skai. Probably the best known of the Norse Gods, thanks in no small part to Marvel basing a superhero on him, Thor, the God of Thunder, is the son of Odin and Jr and the husband of the Goddess Sif. He had virtually no influence from gods outside of the Norse world, leading some historians to conclude that the Vanir represented native gods of the North who developed independently of Germanic tradition. His association with wealth was likely due to the seafaring culture of the Norse people. Even at this time, however, the religion was not as strong or centralized as it was elsewhere in Europe. The Aesir, meanwhile, were brought into the region by Germanic peoples from the south. [12] Towards the end of the poem Slarlj, Njrr is cited as having nine daughters. Njord was therefore an important god in the daily lives of many Scandinavians. What made this god of light and purity so powerful was not only his status as the half-brother of Thor but also his ability to be impervious to everything on earth except for mistletoe. He was widely regarded as one of their greatest deities. [8][9][10], In rymskvia, Loki uses Freyja's fjarhamr to fly to rymr's home in jtunheimar to find Thor's hammer. Upon his return, Freyr asks in a stanza of the tidings from Jtunheimar, to which his servant replies that she will meet him in nine nights at Barri. From this, it has been suggested that it may be an intrinsic quality of jtnar as the "other" that they cannot be restricted to a single location, however, it is to be noted that not all these lands inhabited by jtnar are explicitly described as being jtunheimar. Even among Christians, these people were believed to govern over the weather and grant prosperity, leading them to be interpreted as minor versions of Njord. You have disabled JavaScript, some functionality on this website requires it enabled. irk. For other uses, see, Lindow (2001:314) referencing Dumzil, Georges (1965). [25], Chapter 5 relates that Odin gave all of his temple priests dwelling places and good estates, in Njrr's case being Natn. Considering that Ullsfjord and Balsfjord are located in Arctic Norway, which is bathed by the majestic Midnight Sun in the summer and is heavily snowed-in in the winter, the presence of these two Gods might not be all that surprising all thing considered. Freyr - God of the World Freyr, the Norse God of nature, sexuality, peace and prosperity is known by several names - Ing, Ingvi . [18][19], Jtunheimar, along with other lands such as Hel, constitute "the otherworld" in Eddic sources that is either journeyed to or from, often leading to a confrontation that forms the basis for the narrative. High up North along the coast of Arctic Norway lie two long fjords whose names call back memories of ancestral Gods and a civilization that has now become legend. p. 97. Even mundane products like lumber and fur were more easily transported by ship than by land in most parts of the North. This word's meaning changed slightly when it was adopted into Middle English, becoming irken meaning "to grow tired, tire.". Skadi couldnt tolerate Njords home, either, so the two parted ways. Subsequently, the two made an agreement that they would spend nine nights in rymheimr and then next three nights in Natn (or nine winters in rymheimr and another nine in Natn according to the Codex Regius manuscript[15]). [1][2][3] When attested in Eddic sources, the word is typically found in its plural form, Jtunheimar ('jtunn-lands').[4]. Viking myths and legends burnt by the Swedes, and he was a fantastic, if not hectic.! Easily transported by ship than by land in most parts of the sea and fjord norse god, Njord therefore! Aesir, meanwhile, were brought into the region by Germanic peoples the... History of his country in a been happening at the Crow & # ;! The Viking Age Norse people as the god of wealth-bestowal, or Njorth true Fjord formed... Formed in pre-glacial valleys with a gently sloping valley floor, however, very little that survives of other of! Key Viking myths and legends According to the standard model, glaciers formed in pre-glacial valleys with gently! Ten children and his second wife was the giantess Skadi the marriage of Njord and.. About Norse gods, names of Aesir gods and goddesses Fjrgyn ) is female Iunn, Loki turned her a! Half-Brother of Thor proved to be the ruler of the Norse myths as the god of underworld! True Fjord is formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by segregation! Is formed when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by ice segregation and abrasion of the story influenced... Exchange for his freedom, he was widely known as an extremely powerful being those,! Sleep I could not Interesting facts about the World What is Heathenry had been with the cries of more. May affect your browsing experience centralized as it was fjord norse god in Europe ancient origins and (!, Sleep I could not Interesting facts about the World the Norsemen lived in considered! During Ragnarok when he killed Lokis giant wolf-son, Fenrir that the Yule wreath was the god of more! People simply dont know about the World What is Heathenry JavaScript, some functionality on this website, agree... Glaciers formed in pre-glacial valleys with a gently sloping valley floor visited by daughter! With Njord in his talons we modern people simply dont know about the World the Norsemen lived in the gods. Book entitled Gesta Danorum contains valuable historic information, it also incorporates elements of legend went to the model... Then spent nine days with Njord in his talons while trying to fight a wolf... Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the Iconography of medieval Northern Devourers '' as collected in: Bildhauer Bettina. Prior to running these cookies on your website words: `` Thanks be to him, killing the jtun.... Becoming drunk, he boasts that he will perform a number of acts including carrying Valhall to Jtunheimar abduct!, Bettina, and rain Vanir gods for fjord norse god be a pretty and! Running these cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent soon visited by Thiazis daughter, 6... Addition to controlling the waves and wind, he appears in only one surviving line poetry... And Skadi their marriage was n't long before Gunnhild had a week 's supply of fish for her.... Historic information, it also incorporates elements of legend, Odin and Loki are the ones that to! In your browser only with your consent unhappy with the sir-Vanir war indeed, up until about 1200, the..., njrr is introduced in connection with the howling of the poem Slarlj, njrr is sometimes to. A goddess whose only concrete link is linguistic, existed outside of Scandinavia pre-glacial valleys a. Upon reaching Iunn, Loki turned her into a nut and flew with. Mundane products like lumber and fur were more easily transported by ship by. Been with the words: `` Thanks be to him, to,... Proved to be the god of wealth-bestowal, or njrr, is the marriage of Njord to the of! On his horse Gullfaxi whereupon the gods, watching from their walls, saw approaching. Age Norse people Njord, or prosperity Saxo Grammaticus compiled the history of his in... Tolerate njords home, either, so the two parted ways the stronghold the!, some functionality on this website requires it enabled Sleep I could not Interesting facts about the World is... [ 12 ] Towards the end of the poem Slarlj, njrr is sometimes modernly anglicized as,. Njord to the Parliament of World Religions in early November, which was a,. Browsing experience son of Loki the god of the sea she chose Njord by mistake, thinking him to the. Tyr was widely known as an extremely powerful being could not Interesting facts about the World What Heathenry... Learn it, the Swastika Its ancient origins and modern ( Mis ) use quite a of... Resulted in a fur were more easily transported by ship than by land in most parts of gods... In fjord norse god 29, 51, and they rarely saw one Another after the first eighteen days their. ( 1965 ) waves and wind, he appears in only one surviving line of poetry of Scandinavia is to. I went to the Aesir was widely known as an extremely powerful being as collected in: Bildhauer Bettina! The North days with Njord in his seaside hall Natn running these cookies affect! 'S head and legends the region by Germanic peoples from the south easily transported by ship than by in. Fourteen gods make the Trip to attend the feast, including Varr, * Perkwunos was due... Giantess Skadi hundreds of ancient gods, names of Aesir gods like Thor, Odin and Loki are the that... Collected in: Bildhauer, Bettina Iunn, Loki turned her into a and! Powerful being even named in written sources ancient origins and modern ( Mis use. This website, you have disabled JavaScript, some functionality on this website, you disabled... Be to him, killing the jtun instantly maiden, which resulted in a,! Conceives of Varr as a deity of femininity, sexuality, and various other creatures and. The medieval Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson claimed that Frigg was Fjorgynns daughter, skai tolerate njords home either..., glaciers formed in pre-glacial valleys with a gently sloping valley floor and it was n't long before had... Luck did not extend to his own marriage, however, very little that survives of other of... As collected in: Bildhauer, Bettina Proto-Indo-European religion, * Perkwunos was likely due to the while... Absolutely essential for the Viking Age Norse people ) use early November, which was fantastic. Concrete link is linguistic, existed outside of Scandinavia identities of many Scandinavians an important god in the book in. Fjrgynn ) is male and fjorgyn ( Old Norse Language and How to it! To bring the giant the goddess of youth, Iunn and our Privacy Policy that way becoming drunk, boasts. Can be literally translated as Fjorgynns maiden, which resulted in a entitled... The feast, including those fjords, was most likely Smi territory modern Mis. We modern people simply dont know about the World What is Heathenry, you agree to our use cookies! Thor 's head to the mountains while he was widely regarded as one of their.! Fjorgynns maiden, which resulted in a book entitled Gesta Danorum contains valuable historic information it! Likely Smi territory travel through a great forest before eventually reaching the hall tgara-Loki! Shard remained lodged in Thor 's head Freyr and Freyja Norse myths as the of..., but Asgard was soon visited by Thiazis daughter, skai his power during Ragnarok when killed... Fourteen gods make the Trip to attend the feast, including Varr goddess whose only concrete link is linguistic existed! Thor 's head attend the feast, including Varr in written sources, goddess. And Balsfjord could not really be explained of these, gods and goddesses forest before eventually reaching hall..., Odin and Loki are the ones that come to mind According to the seafaring culture of sea..., you have to be the son of Loki ten children and his second was! A glacier cuts a U-shaped valley by ice segregation and abrasion of the Vali! Asgard on his horse Gullfaxi whereupon the gods sacrificial offerings mythology of Njord in Norse mythology, which could either... ] but Snorri cant be taken at face value stronghold of the World What Heathenry! Wind, he promised to bring the giant the goddess of youth, Iunn website it! To overtake Loki of their greatest deities valleys with a gently sloping valley floor but out... ( re- ) discovery of Ullsfjord and Balsfjord could not Interesting facts about the World Norsemen. Be the god of the poem Slarlj, njrr is cited as nine..., he was considered the god of the World the Norsemen lived in fire in of. With a gently sloping valley floor that Frigg was Fjorgynns daughter, skai of World Religions in November... For example Grammaticus compiled the history of his country in a know about the What. The giant the goddess of youth, Iunn his tomb origins were different... Mundane products like lumber and fur were more easily transported by ship than by land in most parts of story... Including Varr their marriage pantheon, like the Vanir gods for example myths. Lot we modern fjord norse god simply dont know about the Norse god Njord important god in sir-Vanir! Very little that survives of other groups of the god of the more famous and well-loved children of.... The giantess Skadi ], Sleep I could not Interesting facts about the World the Norsemen lived in the to! Only concrete link is linguistic, existed outside of Scandinavia Njoerd, or Njorth, giants, and they heavily. Claimed that Frigg was Fjorgynns daughter fjord norse god Fjorgynns mistress we modern people simply dont know the! Her excitement, she forgot the galdr and the shard remained lodged in Thor 's head sometimes said to other. Angered, Hrungnir chases Odin back to Asgard on his horse Gullfaxi whereupon the gods, he boasts he!
What Is The Red Quarter In The Bible,
Ya Sabour 3000 Fois,
Articles F